切换至 "中华医学电子期刊资源库"

中华心脏与心律电子杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (01) : 38 -46. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-6568.2025.01.004

临床研究

规范抗凝后非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血栓形成的相关性因素研究
王建华1, 范玮丽1, 郭海涵1, 孙璐1, 张萌1, 徐健1, 李述峰1, 曹威1,()   
  1. 1. 150000 哈尔滨,哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院心内科
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19 出版日期:2025-03-25
  • 通信作者: 曹威

Research on the correlation factors of thrombus formation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients after standard anticoagulation

Jianhua Wang1, Weili Fan1, Haihan Guo1, Lu Sun1, Meng Zhang1, Jian Xu1, Shufeng Li1, Wei Cao1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000,China
  • Received:2023-10-19 Published:2025-03-25
  • Corresponding author: Wei Cao
引用本文:

王建华, 范玮丽, 郭海涵, 孙璐, 张萌, 徐健, 李述峰, 曹威. 规范抗凝后非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血栓形成的相关性因素研究[J/OL]. 中华心脏与心律电子杂志, 2025, 13(01): 38-46.

Jianhua Wang, Weili Fan, Haihan Guo, Lu Sun, Meng Zhang, Jian Xu, Shufeng Li, Wei Cao. Research on the correlation factors of thrombus formation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients after standard anticoagulation[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Heart and Heart Rhythm(Electronic Edition), 2025, 13(01): 38-46.

目的

从左心耳形态及毗邻结构、超声影像学、临床实验室检查指标等多维度探讨规范抗凝后左心耳内血栓形成的危险因素。

方法

本研究为单中心病例对照研究,连续入选2021年1月至2022年10月于哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院拟行射频消融术的非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)患者。所有患者入院前均接受≥3周的规范抗凝治疗,术前行经胸超声心动图、经食管超声心动图和肺静脉CT血管造影检查。利用3D渲染后处理技术构建左心耳和肺静脉的三维结构、多平面重建技术观察左心耳开口形态,并测量开口长短径、周长及面积。收集患者性别、年龄、合并症等临床资料,肝功能、肾功能、凝血功能等实验室检查参数,心房内径、心室内径、瓣膜流速等超声心动图参数。依据经食管超声心动图检测的左心耳是否有血栓将患者分为心耳血栓组和非心耳血栓组,比较组间以上数据的差异性。

结果

共入选203例患者,年龄(58.13±10.67)岁,其中男占64.5%(131/203),21例(10.3%,21/203)合并左心耳内血栓,纳入心耳血栓组,余182例(89.6%,182/203)纳入非心耳血栓组。两组患者4种左心耳形态(鸡翅型、风向标型、仙人掌型、菜花型)占比差异无统计学意义。心耳血栓组患者有更大的左心耳开口及左心房前后径(P均<0.05)。二元Logistic回归显示丙氨酸转氨酶升高(OR=1.039,95%CI 1.009~1.070,P=0.010)、血尿酸升高(OR=1.005,95%CI 1.001~1.010,P=0.023)、活化部分凝血活酶时间下降(OR=0.919,95%CI 0.858~0.984,P=0.015)及左心耳开口面积增大[优势比(OR)=1.793,95%可信区间(CI) 1.234~2.604,P=0.003]是左心耳血栓形成的独立预测因素。

结论

围手术期规范抗凝后非瓣膜性房颤患者心耳血栓形成与左心耳形态无关。肝、肾功能不全是心耳血栓形成的独立危险因素,将活化部分凝血活酶时间控制在正常范围较高水平或可降低血栓形成的风险。心房结构改变亦与心耳血栓形成有潜在联系。

Objective

To identify risk factors for thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage post-standard anticoagulation treatment by multiple dimensions including the morphology of the left atrial appendage and adjacent structures, echocardiographic imaging, and clinical laboratory indicators.

Methods

This single-center case-control study enrolled patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) scheduled for radiofrequency ablation on The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2021 to October 2022. All patients underwent standardized anticoagulation therapy for at least three weeks before admission.Preoperative examinations included transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and pulmonary vein CT angiography. Three-D rendering post-processing techniques to construct three-dimensional structures of the left atrial appendage and pulmonary veins, and multiplanar reconstruction technology to observe the morphology of the left atrial appendage opening were utilized. It also measured the opening's length, diameter, circumference,and area. Clinical datas were collected included patient demographics, comorbidities, liver and kidney function, coagulation parameters, and echocardiographic parameters such as atrial and ventricular diameter and valvular flow velocity. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of thrombus in the left atrial appendage as detected by transesophageal echocardiography, and the data differences between the groups were compared.

Results

All of 203 patients were included, averaging (58.13±10.67) years in age, with males comprising 64.5% (131/203). Among them, 21 patients (10.3%, 21/203) had thrombi in the left atrial appendage, and were classified into the thrombus group, while the remaining 182 (89.6%, 182/203) formed the non-thrombus group. There was no significant statistical difference in the proportions of the four left atrial appendage morphologies (chicken wing, windsock, cactus, and cauliflower) between the two groups. The thrombus group had significantly larger left atrial appendage openings and anteroposterior diameters of the left atrium (P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis revealed that increased levels of alanine aminotransferase [odds ratio(OR)=1.039, 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.009-1.070, P=0.010)], uric acid (OR=1.005, 95%CI 1.001-1.010, P=0.023), a decrease in activated partial thromboplastin time (OR=0.919, 95%CI 0.858-0.984, P=0.015), and an enlarged left atrial appendage opening area (OR=1.793, 95%CI 1.234-2.604, P = 0.003) were independent predictive factors for thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage.

Conclusion

The formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage of patients with non-valvular AF post-standard anticoagulation during the perioperative period is not related to the morphology of the left atrial appendage. Impaired liver and kidney function are independent risk factors for the formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage. Maintaining activated partial thromboplastin time at a higher level within the normal range may reduce the risk of thrombus formation. Structural changes in the atrium are also potentially linked to the formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage.

图1 多平面重建技术测量左心耳开口(1A为二维正交法矢状面;1B为二维正交法冠状面;1C为二维正交法水平面;1D为二维倾斜法观测下圆形左心耳开口;1E为二维倾斜法观测下椭圆形左心耳开口;1F为二维倾斜法观测下水滴形左心耳开口;1G为二维倾斜法观测下三角形左心耳开口;1H为二维倾斜法观测下足形左心耳开口;1I为二维倾斜法观测下左心耳开口长、短径周长及面积测量方法;※为左心耳开口)
图2 3D渲染法重构左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口相对关系(2A为左心耳开口位于左上肺静脉开口上方;2B为左心耳开口位于左上肺静脉开口水平;2C为左心耳开口位于左上肺静脉开口下方)
图3 3D渲染法重构左心耳4种基本形态(3A为鸡翅型:优势叶的近端或中部呈现明显弯曲,或在左心耳开口远端左心耳解剖结构自身向后折叠;3B为风向标型:一个具有足够长度的主瓣作为主要结构,这种左心耳形态随主瓣产生的第二,甚至第三瓣的位置和数量不同而发生变化;3C为仙人掌型:呈现一个占优势的中央叶,次级叶从中央叶向上或向下方延伸;3D为菜花型:呈现有限的总长度和更复杂的内部特征,这种左心耳类型的变体具有更不规则的左心耳开口形状及数量可变的分叶,但缺乏优势瓣叶)
表1 心耳血栓组与非心耳血栓组非瓣膜性心房颤动患者一般资料比较
图4 心耳血栓组与非心耳血栓组比较堆积柱状图(4A为两组患者在4种左心耳形态上占比比较;4B为两组患者在5种左心耳开口形态上占比比较;4C为两组患者在左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口相对位置上比较)
图5 预测左心耳内血栓形成的受试者工作特征曲线
表2 心耳血栓组与非心耳血栓组非瓣膜性心房颤动患者实验室检查指标比较
表3 心耳血栓组与非心耳血栓组非瓣膜性心房颤动患者超声影像学资料比较
表4 心耳血栓组与非心耳血栓组非瓣膜性心房颤动患者CT影像学资料比较
项目 心耳血栓组 非心耳血栓组 P
人数(例) 21 182
二维正交法
左心耳开口矢状位(cm,xˉ±s) 2.19±0.79 2.13±0.55 0.679
左心耳开口冠状位(cm,xˉ±s) 2.35±0.61 2.26±0.49 0.364
左心耳开口水平位(cm,xˉ±s) 2.29±0.62 2.17±0.49 0.364
二维倾斜法
左心耳开口长轴(cm,xˉ±s) 3.33±0.79 2.99±0.58 0.041
左心耳开口短轴(cm,xˉ±s) 2.31±0.68 2.04±0.49 0.056
左心耳开口周长(cm,xˉ±s) 9.00±2.01 8.06±1.56 0.030
左心耳开口面积(cm2xˉ±s) 6.09±2.76 4.91±1.93 0.045
左心耳开口形态[例(%)] 0.482
三角形 1(4.8) 14(7.7)
水滴形 8(38.1) 51(28.0)
椭圆形 7(33.3) 92(50.5)
圆形 2(9.5) 12(6.6)
足形 3(14.3) 13(7.1)
3D渲染法
左心耳深度(cm,xˉ±s) 3.89±1.03 3.69±0.79 0.241
左心耳形态[例(%)] 0.608
鸡翅型 4(19.0) 47(25.8)
风向袋型 5(23.8) 44(24.2)
仙人掌型 6(28.6) 60(33.0)
菜花型 6(28.6) 31(17.0)
左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口关系[例(%)] 0.148
左心耳开口位于上方 5(23.8) 29(15.9)
左心耳开口位于水平 6(28.6) 93(51.1)
左心耳开口位于下方 10(47.6) 60(33.0)
肺静脉开口直径(mm,xˉ±s) 18.27±2.50 18.50±2.31 0.667
右上肺静脉 19.10±4.21 19.69±3.33 0.444
右下肺静脉 18.69±3.25 18.43±3.36 0.721
左上肺静脉 19.45±6.31 19.32±4.02 0.838
左下肺静脉 17.78±5.13 16.79±3.09 0.625
肺静脉变异[例(%)] 2(9.5) 28(15.4) 0.746
表5 充分抗凝后非瓣膜性房颤患者心耳血栓形成预测因子的二元Logistic回归
表6 血尿酸、左心房前后径、左心耳开口周长及面积ROC曲线分析
[1]
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin E, Go A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update:a report from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation, 2016, 133(4):e38-e360.
[2]
Blackshear JL, Odell JA. Appendage obliteration to reduce stroke in cardiac surgical patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 1996, 61(2):755-759.
[3]
Beigel R, Wunderlich NC, Ho SY, et al. The left atrial appendage:anatomy, function, and noninvasive evaluation[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 7(12):1251-1265.
[4]
Di Biase L, Santangeli P, Anselmino M, et al. Does the left atrial appendage morphology correlate with the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation? Results from a multicenter study[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(6):531-538.
[5]
Doherty J, Gluckman T, Hucker W, et al. 2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for periprocedural management of anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document Task Force[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(7):871-898.
[6]
中华医学会超声医学分会超声心动图学组. 中国成年人超声心动图检查测量指南[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2016,25(8):645-666.
[7]
Beppu S, Park YD, Sakakibara H, et al. Clinical features of intracardiac thrombosis based on echocardiographic observation[J]. Jpn Circ J, 1984, 48(1):75-82.
[8]
Wang Y, Di Biase L, Horton RP, et al. Left atrial appendage studied by computed tomography to help planning for appendage closure device placement[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2010, 21(9):973-982.
[9]
Zhao Y, Zhang PP, Xu QF, et al. Relationship between left atrial appendage morphology and thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2015, 188:86-88.
[10]
纪琳, 周翔平, 刘荣波, 等. 多层螺旋CT肺静脉开口径线测量分析[J]. 华西医学, 2010, 25(9):1667-1669.
[11]
Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS):the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC[J]. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42 (5):373-498.
[12]
Huang J, Wu SL, Xue YM, et al. Association of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores with left atrial thrombus with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:a single center based retrospective study in a cohort of 2695 Chinese subjects[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2017, 2017:6839589.
[13]
Anselmino M, Gili S, Castagno D, et al. Do left atrial appendage morphology and function help predict thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation?[J]. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 2016, 17(3):169-176.
[14]
Niku AD, Shiota T, Siegel RJ, et al. Prevalence and resolution of left atrial thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and flutter with oral anticoagulation[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2019, 123(1):63-68.
[15]
Lee JM, Shim J, Uhm JS, et al. Impact of increased orifice size and decreased flow velocity of left atrial appendage on stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J]. Am J Cardiol,2014, 113(6):963-969.
[16]
Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365(2):147-156.
[17]
Mahfood Haddad T, Hamdeh S, Kanmanthareddy A, et al.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of clinical cardiovascular events:a systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2017, 11 (Suppl 1):S209-S16.
[18]
Go AS, Fang MC, Udaltsova N, et al. Impact of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate on risk of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation:the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study[J]. Circulation, 2009,119(10):1363-1369.
[19]
Watson T, Shantsila E, Lip GY. Mechanisms of thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation:Virchow's triad revisited[J]. Lancet,2009, 373(9658):155-166.
[20]
Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation:II.echocardiographic features of patients at risk. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1992 , 116(1):6-12.
[1] 曹雨欣, 毛卓君, 梁嘉赫, 伊江浦, 张泽凯, 马文帅, 陈云涛, 李晓倩, 张宇新, 曹铁生, 袁丽君. 3D打印心脏模型在模拟左心耳封堵术临床教学中的应用价值[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2024, 21(06): 602-607.
[2] 张胜男, 苗雅敬, 周虹, 韩高洁, 王静, 仝巧立, 张旭倩, 尹洪宁. 左心耳三维经食管超声测量与Watchman左心耳封堵器大小的相关性研究[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2024, 21(02): 107-113.
[3] 张煜彭, 李浩南, 付焱, 冯继伟, 刘凯, 张文凯. 术后房颤对老年髋部骨折患者预后影响的研究进展[J/OL]. 中华老年骨科与康复电子杂志, 2024, 10(01): 51-56.
[4] 柴鑫茹, 王雅皙, 张敏洁, 施依璐, 段莎莎, 李旭晖, 张小杉. 房颤在不明原因栓塞性卒中的研究进展[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(01): 68-74.
[5] 黄淑萍, 龚蓓, 申铁梅, 杨丹莉, 陈秀梅, 李国琪, 李星, 麦爱欢, 钟冰, 广东省护士协会心血管疾病护理分会, 南方心血管护理联盟. 心房颤动患者介入手术围术期护理专家共识[J/OL]. 中华介入放射学电子杂志, 2024, 12(01): 1-9.
[6] 中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会结构性心脏病学组;苏州工业园区东方华夏心血管健康研究院. 中国经导管左心耳封堵术临床路径专家共识(2025版)[J/OL]. 中华心脏与心律电子杂志, 2025, 13(01): 1-28.
[7] 尚帅, 李耀东, 芦颜美, 邢强, 张疆华, 周贤惠, 汤宝鹏. 非瓣膜性心房颤动患者一站式术后不同抗凝策略的单中心经验[J/OL]. 中华心脏与心律电子杂志, 2024, 12(04): 206-211.
[8] 付明鹏, 牛国栋, 岑志富, 乔宇, 郭金锐, 郭雨龙, 谢阳, 刘晨, 袁华苑, 刘可, 何姗姗. 三维标测系统指导下国产花瓣状脉冲电场消融系统应用一例[J/OL]. 中华心脏与心律电子杂志, 2024, 12(03): 180-184.
[9] 储慧民. 心腔内超声心动图指导下的左心耳封堵术标准流程解析[J/OL]. 中华心脏与心律电子杂志, 2024, 12(01): 58-58.
[10] 储慧民, 杜先锋. 心腔内超声心动图指导左心耳封堵的规范化标准流程[J/OL]. 中华心脏与心律电子杂志, 2024, 12(01): 1-5.
[11] 文明, 张丽, 谢芳, 艾克拜尔·艾力, 克力木·阿不都热依木. 构建胃食管反流病患者发生心房颤动的临床预测模型[J/OL]. 中华胃食管反流病电子杂志, 2024, 11(03): 130-136.
[12] 古丽尼格尔·吾布力, 印纹源, 冯艳, 买买提·依斯热依力, 克力木·阿不都热依木, 夏木西娅·哈德尔. 探讨胃食管反流病与心房颤动、酸反流及食管运动特征的相关性[J/OL]. 中华胃食管反流病电子杂志, 2024, 11(01): 31-36.
[13] 李芳, 郭廷昊, 程峙娟, 涂江龙. 卒中后检测到的心房颤动研究进展[J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(01): 68-73.
[14] 郑屹, 刘莹, 张煜坤, 李广平, 陈康寅, 刘彤. 既往及新发心房颤动对急性心肌梗死患者远期卒中风险的影响[J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(05): 406-417.
[15] 李芳, 戴西望, 王凯, 郭廷昊, 涂江龙. 非瓣膜性心房颤动相关性卒中的治疗研究进展[J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(04): 393-397.
阅读次数
全文


摘要